彩神彩票规则-在线用户注册首页登录平台

来源：彩神彩票平台2024-06-20 17:48

古埃及木乃伊制作处理所用防腐剂国际最新研究发现新配方******

　　中新网北京2月2日电 (记者孙自法)古埃及木乃伊制作处理如何使用防腐剂？防腐剂有何配方？这些议题长期以来备受关注并吸引考古学界持续聚焦研究。

　　国际著名学术期刊《自然》北京时间2月2日凌晨上线发表的一篇考古学研究论文透露，研究人员最新鉴别出古埃及人用于保存不同人体部位的特定化学物质混合物的配方。这项发现基于对埃及一处古代防腐剂工坊的分析，将推进人们对古埃及木乃伊制作处理相关知识的认识与理解。

根据研究成果绘制的有牧师在场的地下室防腐处理场景(Nikola Nevenov绘图)。　施普林格·自然供图

　　据介绍，古埃及的木乃伊制作过程漫长而复杂，涉及使用多种不同防腐物质，当下对防腐物质的知识主要来自古代文献和对埃及木乃伊有机残留物的分析。虽然此前的分析已成功鉴定出多种防腐用物质，但各种成分在此过程中的作用和总体程序，在很大程度上仍不明确。

　　为此，最新发表论文第一作者和共同通讯作者、德国图宾根大学马克西姆·拉格奥特(Maxime Rageot)和共同通讯作者、德国慕尼黑大学菲利普·斯托克汉默(Philipp Stockhammer)与同事及埃及等合作者一起，对31个从埃及塞加拉(Saqqara)一个防腐工坊找到的陶瓷器皿进行分析，该工坊可追溯至埃及第二十六王朝(公元前664-525年)。

塞加拉墓地项目挖掘区(图源：图宾根大学塞加拉墓地项目)。　施普林格·自然供图

　　此次研究的这些器皿上刻有防腐的指示文本(如“放于头部”或“包扎/以之防腐”)和/或防腐物质的名称。同时，这些器皿还含有防腐物质的残留物。所有这些信息使研究者能够理解在木乃伊制作流程中使用了哪些化学物质，以及它们如何混合、命名和应用。例如，论文作者发现了3种不同混合物(其中含有的物质包括榄香脂、黄连木树脂、刺柏或柏的副产物及蜂蜡)专门用于头部的防腐，还有用于清洗身体或软化皮肤的其他混合物。

　　论文作者进一步将残留物分析鉴别出来的混合物和铭刻标签作比较，他们发现，通常对古埃及词“antiu”译为“没药”或“香”可能有时是错的，因为在工坊里它不是指某个单一物质，而是一种混合油脂的芳香油或焦油的混合物。

　　《自然》同期发表同行专家的“新闻与观点”文章指出，许多防腐物质来自埃及之外，包括黄连木和刺柏产物可能是从黎凡特进口、榄香脂可能来自南亚或东南亚雨林。这表明，古埃及的木乃伊制作在促进与地中海和更遥远地区的长距离贸易中也发挥作用。(完)

彩神彩票规则

中新网评：美国众议长选举“连续剧”暴露美式民主痼疾******

　　中新网北京1月9日电(蒋鲤)在15轮投票表决后，美国众议院议长选举这场“连续剧”终于落下帷幕，众议院共和党领袖凯文·麦卡锡最终成功当选第55任美国众议院议长。这是美国国会过去164年来耗时最久的一次议长选举记录，将美国“对抗式民主”的弊端暴露无遗。

　　资料图：美国众议院共和党领袖麦卡锡。中新社记者沙晗汀摄

　　由于两党对立加剧、党派内斗、利益分配不均等因素，众议长选举陷入一场拉锯战。在此次众议长竞选中，美国民主党议员继续抱团，多轮投票中，一票不投麦卡锡，共和党右翼“强硬派”领头的约20人小团体也拒绝投票麦卡锡。

　　麦卡锡的当选之路一波三折，除了本人的“政治投机派”角色在国会不受欢迎外，与共和党内部政治分歧关系密切。

　　一方面，共和党党内反对者认为，麦卡锡对民主党态度过于软弱，无力对抗民主党控制的参议院和拜登政府，另一方面，因为共和党的多数优势微弱，党内一些影响力较小的派系的政治力量则被放大，有利于他们巩固自己的选票。

　　此外，党内反对者也认为，自己的选票没有换取更多利益，希望以此作为筹码换取麦卡锡更大的让步，比如让他们获得众议院重要委员会中的职务。

　　作为仅次于美国总统、副总统的政坛三号人物，众议院议长通常由众议院多数党领袖担任，选举几乎没有悬念。然而，麦卡锡此次为当选，不得不做出多个关键让步，其中可能包括恢复一项罢黜议长动议机制，使得众议长的权力被削弱，难以掌控众议院。

　　美国有线电视新闻网CNN称，麦卡锡在这场不合时宜的政治勒索中作出让步，这种绥靖政策只会让极端主义势力更加强大。

　　这场引发全世界围观的尴尬选举暴露出美国政治存在严重的对立和分化。在权力博弈思维的裹挟下，党派利益凌驾于国家和人民利益之上，美国两党相互拆台，陷入“为反对而反对”的无脑对垒。而即便是一党内，也会因为利益分配问题产生不同的小派系，相互对抗，选票变成了谋利益的工具。

　　从国会山骚乱到打破记历史记录的15轮众议长选举，“对抗式民主”让美国政治陷入瓶颈，长期对抗势必会让政客们丧失客观公正的判断能力，其政治阶层是否有能力治理国家也会引发质疑。

　　两党之争和党派内斗进一步放大了美国政治体制弊病，美国所谓的“民主”形象，让全世界大跌眼镜。鼓吹以选民利益为先的美式选举，变成了政客们利益置换的游戏，进一步彰显出美国“民主政治”日渐失能，不断极化的党争已使美国政治制度陷入死循环。

　　House speaker election reveals deep-rooted problems in U.S. democracy

　　(ECNS) -- The Republican leader Kevin McCarthy was elected as the 55th speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives after 15 ballots. As the most grueling House speaker election in the past 164 years, the election has highlighted the defects of the country’s "confrontational democracy".

　　The election once reached a stalemate due to intense partisan strife, inner-party struggle among the Republicans, uneven distribution of interests, and more. Democratic Party members forged a close alliance, refusing to vote for McCarthy, while about 20 Republicans also declined to cast ballots for the GOP leader.

　　Except for his unpopular role as a "political speculator" in Congress, McCarthy’s hard-won election can be attributed to turmoil within the Republican Party.

　　On the one hand, opponents in the Republican Party believe that the GOP leader's attitude toward the Democrats is too weak to confront the Senate controlled by Democrats and the Biden administration.

　　On the other hand, the political power of some less influential factions in the Republican Party has been amplified due to the Party’s weak majority advantage in the House of Representatives, which is conducive to consolidating their ticket warehouses.

　　Meanwhile, these opponents believe that their votes failed to win them more benefits, hoping to use this as a bargaining chip for McCarthy's further concessions, such as getting them positions in important House Committees.

　　As the third political figure after the President and Vice President of the U.S., the speaker, by tradition, is the head of the majority party in the House of Representatives.

　　But McCarthy has made many concessions in order to bring the ultra conservatives along, involving what’s known as the “motion to vacate,” a mechanism by which members can force a vote to depose the speaker. The reported concessions will empower individual members at the expense of McCarthy’s sway as speaker.

　　CNN thought the concessions he made during this unseemly political shakedown would only make the extremist faction more powerful.

　　This embarrassing election, which has drawn global attention, exposed the serious opposition and polarization in American politics. Both Democrats and Republicans put their interests before that of the country and its people, attacking and opposing each other irrationally.

　　Besides, different factions arise within a single party and confront each other because of the distribution of interests. Votes have become a tool to win more benefits.

　　From Capitol riots to the House Speaker election with record-breaking ballots, "confrontational democracy" has become a bottleneck of American politics. Long-term confrontation will surely impede politicians to think objectively and fairly while their capacity of governing the country will also raise doubts among the public.

　　Both parties’ struggle and infighting among the Republicans have further amplified the defects of the American political system, with its "democratic" image shocking the world.

　　The U.S.-style election, which advocates putting voters' interests first, has become a game of interest exchange among politicians. In addition, it further demonstrates the malfunction of American "democratic politics" and the constantly polarized party struggle that has trapped the American political system into an infinite cycle.